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<body class='hmmessage'>Well I was lazy and did some math in the debugger and indeed one bit of carry or overflow is adequate, for addition and subtraction. You can do better with multiplicatio..and division I'd have to think a lot more about.<BR>
It is an odd inconsistency between the Add and Subtract code below though.. I guess the reason is that carry will be 0 or 1, but borrow will be 0 or -1 and you want to convert -1 to +1.<BR>
As well, carry/borrow should be sign extended if you run out of bits, so the -1 is used.<BR>
<BR>
It probably could be:<BR>
add:<BR>
<<BR>
r.x[i] := And (carry, Mask);<BR> carry := RShift (carry, BITSIZE (IByte));<BR>
><BR>
carry := ORD (carry # 0);<BR>
r.x[i] := carry;<BR><BR>
subtract:<BR>
<<BR>
r.x[i] := And (borrow, Mask);<BR> borrow := And (RShift (borrow, BITSIZE (IByte)), 1);<BR>><BR>
if borrow # 0 then<BR>
r.x[i] := Mask;<BR>
borrow := 1;<BR>
end<BR>
<BR>
no major difference.<BR>
?<BR>
<BR>
- Jay<BR><BR><BR>
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From: jayk123@hotmail.com<BR>To: hosking@cs.purdue.edu<BR>CC: m3devel@elegosoft.com<BR>Subject: RE: [M3devel] tangential 64 bit...<BR>Date: Tue, 26 Feb 2008 20:34:51 +0000<BR><BR>
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Tony..are you sure..I'm not sure what I said is true.<BR>It seems clear that the host integer size is well abstracted while interpreting target numbers.<BR> <BR>I am more certain that [-1 .. 1] is empty, and this is likely a problem in TInt.Subtract..<BR> <BR>PROCEDURE Add (READONLY a, b: Int; VAR r: Int): BOOLEAN =<BR> (* It is safe for r to alias a or b *)<BR> VAR n := MIN (a.n, b.n); carry := 0; r_sign := Sign.Bad;<BR> a_sign := CheckSign (a, n); b_sign := CheckSign (b, n);<BR> BEGIN<BR> IF a_sign = Sign.Bad THEN RETURN FALSE END;<BR> IF b_sign = Sign.Bad THEN RETURN FALSE END;<BR> r.n := n;<BR> FOR i := 0 TO n-1 DO<BR> carry := a.x[i] + b.x[i] + carry;<BR> r.x[i] := And (carry, Mask);<BR> carry := RShift (carry, BITSIZE (IByte));<BR> END;<BR> r_sign := CheckSign (r, n); <*ASSERT r_sign # Sign.Bad*><BR> RETURN (a_sign # b_sign) OR (a_sign = r_sign);<BR> END Add;<BR> <BR>PROCEDURE Subtract (READONLY a, b: Int; VAR r: Int): BOOLEAN =<BR> (* It is safe for r to alias a or b *)<BR> VAR n := MIN (a.n, b.n); borrow := 0; r_sign := Sign.Bad;<BR> a_sign := CheckSign (a, n); b_sign := CheckSign (b, n);<BR> BEGIN<BR> IF a_sign = Sign.Bad THEN RETURN FALSE END;<BR> IF b_sign = Sign.Bad THEN RETURN FALSE END;<BR> r.n := n;<BR> FOR i := 0 TO n-1 DO<BR> borrow := a.x[i] - b.x[i] - borrow;<BR> r.x[i] := And (borrow, Mask);<BR> borrow := And (RShift (borrow, BITSIZE (IByte)), 1);<BR> END;<BR> r_sign := CheckSign (r, n); <*ASSERT r_sign # Sign.Bad*><BR> RETURN (a_sign = b_sign) OR (a_sign = r_sign);<BR> END Subtract;<BR><BR>Is it not adequate to treat carry and borrow as one it, zero or non-zero?<BR>Thinking in decimal about addition -- 9 + 9 = 18.<BR>You can never overflow to 20, 30, 40, etc.<BR> <BR>For substraction 0 - 9 = -9, never -10 or lower.<BR> <BR>However "1" is a full decimal digit, not a bit.<BR>In this case, the digits are bytes.<BR> <BR>Aha, so maybe the problem is the "and"?<BR> <BR>Let's check pm3 and decm3 3.6 again..<BR>No, pm3 has the and too.. hm. I have to refresh some of my bit twiddling algorithms..<BR> <BR> - Jay<BR><BR>
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CC: m3devel@elegosoft.com<BR>From: hosking@cs.purdue.edu<BR>To: jayk123@hotmail.com<BR>Subject: Re: [M3devel] tangential 64 bit...<BR>Date: Tue, 26 Feb 2008 15:14:18 -0500<BR><BR>
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<DIV>Indeed, on a 32-bit platform [16_0 .. 16_ffffffff] is an empty type, because 16_ffffffff is interpreted as an INTEGER constant with value -1, so the subrange is [0..-1].</DIV>
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<DIV>This implies that one should not be using a 32-bit compiler to compile the 64-bit version of BasicCtypes.i3 in the first place.</DIV>
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<DIV>Of course, this also implies that one cannot directly cross-compile to 64-bit targets from 32-bit hosts, which is kind of broken. I suppose we could use LONGINT as necessary, realizing that LONGINT and INTEGER are distinct types that happen to have the same representation on 64-bit machines but different representation on 32-bit machines. Does anyone know if it was *ever* possible in the old PM3 to cross-compile from 32-bit to 64-bit? Presumably one needs an intermediate step where the C types used on the cross-compile host match those of the host instead of the target.</DIV>
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<DIV>On Feb 26, 2008, at 1:53 PM, Jay wrote:</DIV><BR class=EC_EC_Apple-interchange-newline>
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<DIV class=EC_EC_hmmessage style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">alpha/osf doesn't work because basictypes/ctypes has a problem with the 32bit or 64bit types.<BR>specifically "unsigned long" is "empty" for some reason and many errors cascade from that.<BR> <BR>if you change:<BR> unsigned_int = [16_0 .. 16_ffffffff];<BR>to<BR> unsigned_int = [16_0 .. 16_fffffffe];<BR> <BR>you get:<BR> <BR> <BR>***<BR>*** runtime error:<BR>*** An array subscript was out of range.<BR>*** file "../src/TWord.m3", line 199<BR>***<BR><BR>Presumably fixing this first problem is the first step in any "real" 64 bit target (SPARC64, PPC64, AMD64, IA64), and the second problem should just be fixed as a matter of course.<BR> <BR>I know this is the least of anyone's concerns..<BR> <BR> - Jay<BR><BR><BR>
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